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Wastewater storage and reuse




PROCESS DESIGN OF WASTEWATER STORAGE SYSTEMS (reservoirs, SAT-Soil Aquifer Treatment, and other) FOR:
Our experience with wastewater storage reservoirs.

Stabilization reservoirs have been operated in Israel for more than 30 years for the storage and treatment of wastewater effluents during the wet winter months. The reclaimed water from the reservoirs is then used for agriculture irrigation during the dry summer months.

There are about 200 of these reservoirs in the country. Yet, until recently, criteria for their design and operation as wastewater treatment units were empirical.

We have invested more than 20 years of R &D on the subject, covering the following main topics: Today, we have design and operation criteria covering all important parameters (size, shape, maximum depth, inlet/outlet, dead areas, operational regimes, hydraulic loading, surface and volumetric organic loading, and many others). All design and operational criteria are backed by large databases with data from many reservoirs in Israel and other countries. Meanwhile, further R&D continues to be carried out in order to obtain extra information and fine tune the design and operation alternatives (including less important but still significant parameters).

Stabilization reservoirs, as we design them today, are able to remove BOD, COD, detergents and other pollutants by one order of magnitude, while Faecal coliforms are removed by five orders of magnitude (without chlorination).


A book on wastewater storage reservoirs.

A book which summarizes the experience gained in Israel and abroad on these reservoirs was edited by Dr. Marcelo Juanico from our firm and Prof. Inka Dor from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

The complete reference is:
M. Juanico and I. Dor (Eds), 1999, Reservoirs for Wastewater Storage and Reuse, Springer, Environmental Science Series, Germany, 394 pp. (see the contents)


Some of the tools we use for the process design of these reservoirs All these models are not theoretical ones but based on -and verified by- thousands of observations from many different case-studies working under various different operational regimens.



DEVELOPMENT OF WASTEWATER REUSE PROJECTS
for industry, irrigation, agriculture, golf courses, public parks, aquaculture, river recovery and other purposes, including:
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Projects executed by the firm, related to Wastewater Storage and Reuse

The Kishon Complex for sewage treatment, storage and reuse, Israel.
The Kishon Complex was the first inter-regional sewage treatment and massive reuse project in Israel and a long-term monitoring and research multi-disciplinary program was run on it. The program covered the sewage treatment plant (trickling filters and activated sludge), a 30 km line, wastewater storage reservoirs, irrigation systems, agriculture soils, crops, drainage systems and numerous other issues. We worked more than 10 years in the program through the Department of Environmental Eng - Technion Israel Institute of Technology.
Commissioned by the Israel Water Commission.

Tracer studies in the Kishon wastewater reservoirs, Israel.
Rhodamine "b" was used as a tracer to study the hydraulic behavior of two reservoirs in series of 6 million m3 each, establishing the relationship between operational parameters and removal of contaminants.
We participated in the study within the framework of the Kishon Complex Monitoring Program.

Enclosure studies in the Kishon wastewater reservoirs, Israel.
Enclosures (mesocosmos) were utilized in 6 million m3 reservoirs to study the use of fish to control plankton and water quality.
Study within the framework of the Kishon Complex Monitoring Program.

Mathematical model of Stabilization Reservoirs.
The model simulates the behavior of hypertrophic reservoirs receiving partially treated wastewater and operated under different conditions, and allows the forecasting of water quality and the effect of operational parameters.
Research and Doctoral Thesis (Dr. Eran Friedler) within the framework of the Kishon Complex Monitoring Program.

Statistical model on the limnology and performance of wastewater storage reservoirs.
Research on the performance of the hypertrophic reservoirs receiving effluents of different qualities, database development, multivariate analysis of effluent quality as a function of operational parameters and natural cycles.
Project sponsored by The Edelstein Foundation.

Effect of effluent addition to the Kfar Baruch reservoir, Israel.
Study on the effect of effluent addition to an operational reservoir on the plankton structure and the clogging of irrigation systems taking water from the reservoir.
Study within the framework of the Kishon Complex Monitoring Program.

Water allocation, pollution control and water quality policy for 14 selected rivers in Israel.
Definition of river typology, present conditions and requirements for recovery. Determination of the required water allocations and policy for water quality control at the catchment basin framework level, including point and non-point sources of pollution. Development of a standard for effluents discharged to rivers, and another standard on water quality within the rivers.
Policy on the reuse of effluents for river recovery. Project commissioned by the Israel Rivers Restoration Administration.

Master Plan for the integrative rehabilitation and development of the catchment basin (watershed) of the Alexander river.
Our firm was responsible for the water section of the master plan and the overall view of the river's catchment basin. Our work covered water flows and qualities, sewage treatment and disposal criteria, effluent reuse for river recovery, pollution control, water allocations, alternative water sources management, etc. The project received the international prize "Thiess" on river recovery.
Project commissioned by the Israel Rivers Restoration Administration.

Master Plan for the integrative rehabilitation and development of the catchment basin of the Sorek river.
Our company was responsible for the water section of the project and the overall view of the river's catchment basin (watershed). This section included water flows and qualities, sewage treatment and disposal criteria, effluent reuse for river recovery, pollution control, water allocations, alternative water sources management, etc.
Project commissioned by the Israel Rivers Restoration Administration.

Master Plan for the integrative rehabilitation and development of the catchment basin of the Lachish river.
Our company was responsible for the water section of the project and the overall view of the river's catchment basin (watershed). This section included water flows and qualities, sewage treatment and disposal criteria, effluent reuse for river recovery, pollution control, water allocations, alternative water sources management, etc.
Project commissioned by the Administration for the Recovery of the Lachish River.

Master Plan for the integrative rehabilitation and development of the catchment basin of the Taninim river.
Our company was responsible for the water section of the project and the overall view of the river's catchment basin (watershed). This section included water flows and qualities, sewage treatment and disposal criteria, effluent reuse for river recovery, pollution control, salination problems, water allocations, alternative water sources management, etc.
Project commissioned by the Towns Association for Environmental Quality - Hadera.

Development of criteria for the design of sewage treatment plants under extreme climatic conditions in Bolivia.
Design criteria for treatment plants located on altitudes up to and over 4,000 meters above sea level (low oxygen pressure, high solar radiation, and strong day/night differences in temperature). Water reuse.
World Bank project.

Survey of pollution sources and their impact on groundwater in the Gaza Strip.
Water demand and sewage flows, existing sewage treatment plants and their performance, disposal of effluents (reuse in irrigation), analysis of long-term data on aquifer water quality, proposals to solve the existing problems on groundwater contamination.
Project of the Israel Water Commission and Gaza Civil Administration.

University of Catania - Italy: R&D on sewage treatment and wastewater reuse.
Cooperation scheme by the University of Catania.

Boron in Israel - Sources, disposal and its effect on agriculture via wastewater reuse.
Basis for changing the Israel standards on the production and use of detergents.
Survey requested by Procter & Gamble, Switzerland.

Organic pollutants in industrial effluents - Numerical limits.
Basis for a change in the Israel standards regarding the release of industrial effluents into municipal sewers networks.
Three differents standards were developed: Study requested by the Ministry of the Environment and The Manufacturers Association of Israel.

Molybdenum - Sources, disposal and its effect on agriculture via wastewater reuse.
Basis for a change in the Israel standards regarding the release of industrial effluents into municipal sewer network.
Study requested by the Ministry of the Environment and The Manufacturers Association of Israel.

Standardization Committee of pH values in Industrial effluents.
Low pH causes corrosion of sewers, high pH leads to precipitation problems in irrigation networks.
Personnel of our firm were nominated by the Israeli Ministry of the Environment to the above committee.

National Environmental Priorities - Effluents - Israel.
Members of the committee that recommends the national priorities regarding effluent treatment and reuse.
Project sponsored by the Ministry of the Environment and NGOs.

Design of the monitoring program of the "Third Line" Complex for sewage treatment and reuse, Israel.
The "Third Line" Complex (Greater Tel Aviv) is the largest reuse project in Israel. The multi-year monitoring project included effluents from the activated sludge treatment plant, SAT-Soil Aquifer Treatment, recovery wells, the line itself (more than 100 km) and several reservoirs. Project performed by the Department of Environmental Eng - Technion Israel Institute of Technology.
Commissioned by Mekorot Water Company.

Monitoring and research of The Jeezrael Valley Cities Project for Sewage Treatment, Storage and Reuse, Israel.
The monitored system comprised of 2 industrial zones (totaling some 70 factories), 4 wastewater treatment plants, numerous wastewater storage reservoirs. The research focused on in-soil accumulation of Potential Hazardous Compounds as a result of long-term irrigation with treated effluent.
Joint project with Palgei Maim Consulting Engineers Ltd., Israel.

Conceptual and process design of The Jeezrael Valley Cities Project, Israel.
This sewage treatment and storage system for wastewater reuse is based on the optimal design and operation of numerous (more than 30) wastewater storage reservoirs (see map). It is the third largest sewage treatment and reuse system in Israel.
Project requested by Palgei Maim Consulting Engineers LTD - Israel.

Batch operation of a wastewater storage reservoir to obtain effluents of unrestricted irrigation quality, Israel.
Project requested by Kibbutz Sarid, Israel.

Start-up of the Santiago Poniente sewage treatment plant, Chile.
Sewage treatment storage and reuse, pilot and research plant for 100,000 inhabitants, based on non-conventional technologies. Treatment series made of anaerobic ponds, aerated lagoons, facultative ponds and wastewater storage reservoirs. Design of the monitoring program and database.
Work performed for Tahal Consulting Engineers Ltd., World Bank project.

Master Plan on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse in Madrid - Spain.
Critical review of a feasibility study for the post-treatment and reuse of 350,000 m3/day of reclaimed effluents.
Wastewater storage in existing lakes, agriculture irrigation, ecological flows, water security, treatment technologies, costs.
Study requested by Tecnoma - Barcelona, for Canal de Isabel II.

Conceptual and Process Design for the Sewage Treatment Plant and Reuse Project of the city of Arequipa - Peru.
Project with a horizon of 1.5 million inhabitants, effluents are treated for unrestricted irrigation. The feasibility study included several treatment alternatives and potential sites. Two main alternatives were pre-selected and designed with detail: one based on anaerobic ponds + trickling filters and another one based on UASB reactors + trickling filters. A model on the autodepuration in 25 km of river Chili was developed. A monitoring program was designed.
Study requested by Tahal Consulting Engineers Ltd., for Minera Cerro Verde.

Master Plan, conceptual and process design for the treatment, storage and reuse of wastewater for the city of Mohammedia, Morocco.
Mohammedia is a city of a quarter million inhabitants with extensive industrial zones reaching and equivalent of 1/2 million inhabitants, plus agricultural areas and beach tourism. Feasibility study, sewage flow forecasting, disposal impacts including sea discharge and irrigation of golf park, design of treatment alternatives, the autodepuration of the river Melah was simulated.
Joint project with Tahal Consulting Engineers LTD - Israel.

Process design and general and detailed design of a regional plant for the treatment, storage and reuse of wastewater for agriculture in Gedera, Israel.
This regional wastewater treatment plant based on semi-intensive technologies serves 5 localities with a total projected population of 50,000 inhabitants. Batch operation of four wastewater storage reservoirs.
Project commissioned by the Gedera Local Council under the auspices of The Israeli National Water and Sewage Administration.

Process design and general and detailed design of a wastewater treatment, storage and reuse plant for the city of Ben-Slimane, Morocco.
The sewage treatment plant of Ben-Slimane serves 30,000 inhabitants. The treated effluents are used for the irrigation of a Golf Course. Batch operation of wastewater storage reservoirs. Part of the effluents are discharged to a river in winter. The project includes criteria for the design of artificial landscape ponds receiving effluents in the golf course.
Joint project with Tahal Consulting Engineers LTD - Israel.

Feasibility study on an integrated system for sewage treatment, reuse and agricultural development for the city of Oujda, Morocco.
Oujda is a city of 1/2 million inhabitants having a large industrial area, and located in an arid area.
Joint project with Tahal Consulting Engineers LTD - Israel.

Appropriate technology for wastewater treatment and reuse in rural Middle East areas, Middle East.
R&D project oriented to the development of new low-cost technologies for the treatment and reuse of sewage in semi-arid rural areas of the Middle East. Our firm acted as a consultant on raw sewage flows and qualities, and on the design of UASB, intermitent sand filters, constructed wetlands and costs.
Project sponsored by USAID, with the participation of several institutes from Israel, The Palestinian Authority and Egypt.

General design for sewage treatment and disposal in 9 large-scale tourist resort centers and related towns in República Dominicana.
Each one of the nine centers contains numerous large-scale hotels for massive European tourism. Sewage treatment and disposal should maintain optimal environmental conditions in tropical beaches that are the main tourist attraction of the resorts. The project included the development of quality criteria (standards) and design of sewage treatment and disposal plants for the discharge of treated effluents to coral beach sea waters (marine outfalls), coastal marshes and mangroves, effluent storage and reuse in irrigation of golf courses and public gardens, and injection in groundwater.
World Bank project.

Process design for tertiary treatment of the effluents of Ra'anana - Israel.
Ra'anana City (~100,000 inhabitants) has a treatment plant based on SBR-Activated Sludge.
Storage of effluents in reservoirs and tertiary treatment including phosphorus removal as required for release in Poleg stream or unrestricted irrigation. Development of a monitoring program for the treated effluents.
Project requested by Raanana Municipality.

Removal of heavy metals during the storage of effluents in treatment and reuse reservoirs.
Research performed in two wastewater storage reservoirs in series of 6 million m3 each.
Research within the framework of the Kishon Complex Monitoring Program - Israel.

Criteria for the process design and operation of wastewater storage reservoirs for effluent reuse.
Research performed in several reservoirs working under different operational conditions.
Development of a multiple-source database and statistical modelling of the parameters determining treated effluent quality.
Research funded by BMTF-Germany and NCRD-Israel.

Pathogens die-off in wastewater reservoirs as a function of operational parameters.
Development of a statistical model on the removal of Faecal coliforms and bacteriophage virus in storage reservoirs for reuse.
Research funded by the National Water Commission - Israel.

Process design of a 4.5 million m3, 16 m deep reservoir receiving tertiary treated effluents for reuse - Israel.
The reservoir will receive the effluents from Beer-Sheva city after treatment in activated sludge followed by filtration-chlorination. The reclaimed water will be afterwards used for unrestricted irrigation. Stratification control is one of the technics recommended to maintain the quality of the reclaimed water within the reservoir.
Project requested by Tahal Consulting Engineers Ltd. - Israel

Diagnosis of malfunction and upgrade (process design) of the sewage treatment plant of the city of Arad - Israel (up to 7500 m3/day) in order to obtain effluents for unrestricted irrigation.
Design of alternatives based on intensive and semi-intensive technologies followed by existing storage reservoirs.
Project requested by Tahal Consulting Engineers Ltd. - Israel

Design of a real-scale experiment for nutrient removal by coagulation and sedimentation in a wastewater storage reservoir for reuse, Arad - Israel.
Project requested by Tahal Consulting Engineers Ltd. - Israel

Optimal location of the inlet in the Hemek Hepher wastewater storage and reuse reservoir - Israel.
The 15 m deep reservoir had problems of hydraulic short-circuiting between inlet and outlet. Design of the optimal location of inlet in order to avoid "dead areas" and improve the treatment capacity of the reservoir.
Project requested by Mekorot Water Co. - Israel

Reliability of the effluent treatment system of a fish hatchery - Israel.
The fish hatchery of the Kibbutz Azorea recycles most of its effluents after advanced treatment, but small fish are very sensitive to water quality. The effluent treatment system was analyzed for reliability, following a request of the insurance company.
Project requested by A. Zghoul Assessors and Surveyors.

Conceptual engineering for the storage, treatment and reuse of cow farming effluents in Kfar Yhoshua - Israel.
Kfar Yhoshua has more than 50 cow & dairy farms. The design includes treatment, storage in reservoirs and reuse of the effluents.
Project requested by Kfar Yhoshua and A.A. Engineers Ltd.

Feasibility study and process design of a treatment plant for wastewater reuse at Sa'adat City - Egypt.
The selected alternative is based on advanced polishing ponds and sub-surface horizontal constructed wetlands.
Project requested by MERC - Appropriate Technology Consortium.

Survey on sediment and wastewater pollutants in five wastewater storage reservoirs - Israel.
Survey on the toxicity and concentration of organic pollutants and heavy metals in the sediments (bottom sludge at two depth) and effluents in five wastewater storage reservoirs selected to receive the effluents from INTEL factory at Kyriat Gat.
Project requested by Intel - Israel

Wastewater reuse in aquaculture: build-up of heavy metals in fish grown in ponds feed with tertiary treated effluents.
A R&D project run by a research team from the Israel Water Workers Association, ARO - Agricultural Research Organization and our firm. The main objective of the project was to set the basis for a standard on heavy metals in reclaimed water used for fish farming.
Project sponsored by The Water Commission and The Ministry of Agriculture, Israel.



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