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Consulting Services on

Applied limnology and oceanography




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Executed projects, related to applied limnology and oceanography



Lakes and catchment basin (watershed) management


Catchment basin management of Lake Paranoá, Brasilia.
Sewage treatment (main pollution source of the lake) and use of phytoplankton feeding fish to control algae blooms.
The work was carried out within the framework of the Lake Paranoa rehabilitation project.
UNDP project.

Pollution of the Tota lake, Colombia.
A high altitude lake heavily polluted by diffuse pollution from intensive agriculture.
Study performed within the framework of a course on water quality management offered in Bogotá by CINADCO - Israel.

Pollution of the "Sochagota" lake, Colombia.
A high altitude lake heavily polluted by diffuse pollution from agriculture and catchment basin erosion.
Study performed within the framework of a course on water quality management offered in Bogotá by CINADCO - Israel.

Pollution of the La Playa lake, Colombia.
A high altitude small lake polluted and totally covered by water hyacinth.
Study performed within the framework of a course on water quality management offered in Bogotá by CINADCO - Israel.

Catchment basin of the "Los Laureles" reservoir , Honduras.
The reservoir providing drinking water to Tegucigalpa city.
Study performed within the framework of a course on water quality management offered in Tegucigalpa by CINADCO - Israel.

Artificial lake in an urban park - Afula - Israel
Water quality in an artificial urban lake: nutrients, garbage, algae, mosquitoes, etc. Biological control with fish. Water balance and salination process for different operational alternatives.
Project requested by the Afula Municipality.

Mapping the salty springs in the Kfar Baruch reservoir to improve water quality, Israel.
Location and mapping underwater salty springs, field surveys for EC and Cl- measurements at bottom.
Study within the framework of the Kishon Complex Monitoring Program.

Effect of effluent addition to the Kfar Baruch reservoir, Israel.
Study on the effect of effluent addition to an operational reservoir on the plankton structure and the clogging of irrigation systems taking water from the reservoir.
Study within the framework of the Kishon Complex Monitoring Program.




Rivers and catchment basin (watershed) management


Water allocation, pollution control and water quality policy for 14 selected rivers in Israel.
Definition of river typology, present conditions and requirements for recovery. Determination of the required water allocations and policy for water quality control at the catchment basin framework level, including point and non-point sources of pollution. Development of a standard for effluents discharged to rivers, and another standard on water quality within the rivers.
Project commissioned by the Israel Rivers Restoration Administration.

Master Plan for the integrative rehabilitation and development of the catchment basin (watershed) of the Alexander river.
Our firm was responsible for the water section of the master plan and the overall view of the river's catchment basin. Our work covered water flows and qualities, sewage treatment and disposal criteria, pollution control, water allocations, alternative water sources management, etc.
The project received the international prize "Thiess" on river recovery.
Project commissioned by the Israel Rivers Restoration Administration.

Master Plan for the integrative rehabilitation and development of the catchment basin of the Sorek river.
Our company was responsible for the water section of the project and the overall view of the river's catchment basin (watershed). This section included water flows and qualities, sewage treatment and disposal criteria, pollution control, water allocations, alternative water sources management, etc.
Project commissioned by the Israel Rivers Restoration Administration.

Master Plan for the integrative rehabilitation and development of the catchment basin of the Lachish river.
Our company was responsible for the water section of the project and the overall view of the river's catchment basin (watershed). This section included water flows and qualities, sewage treatment and disposal criteria, pollution control, water allocations, alternative water sources management, etc.
Project commissioned by the Administration for the Recovery of the Lachish River.

Master Plan for the integrative rehabilitation and development of the catchment basin of the Taninim river.
Our company was responsible for the water section of the project and the overall view of the river's catchment basin (watershed). This section included water flows and qualities, sewage treatment and disposal criteria, pollution control, salination problems, water allocations, alternative water sources management, etc.
Project commissioned by the Towns Association for Environmental Quality - Hadera.

Master Plan on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse in Madrid - Spain.
Critical review of a feasibility study for the post-treatment and reuse of 350,000 m3/day of reclaimed effluents.
Wastewater storage in existing lakes, agriculture irrigation, ecological flows, water security, treatment technologies, costs.
Study requested by Tecnoma - Barcelona, for Canal de Isabel II.

Environmental Impact for the effluents from Milouban factory on Naaman River
The effluents from Milouban factory received pre-treatment at factory yard, biological treatment at Milout treatment plant, and were discharged into Naaman River.
Expert Opinion to Court, requested by The Levinson Environmental Law Firm.

Expert Opinion to the Court on the pollution of the Kishon Fishing Port (Kishon River) with carcinogenic pollutants.
The Kishon River was heavily polluted with both industrial effluents and municipal sewage.
Study requested by Lawyer Eliezer Fichmann.

Review of water resources pollution from roads run-off.
Estimation of the expected quantity and quality of road run-off (diffuse pollution) in Israel, based on international information and adaptation to Israeli conditions. Assessment of pollution potential and suggestion of methods to minimize and treat the polluted runoff.
Study requested by the Water & Rivers Division - Ministry of the Environment Israel.

Quality requirements for the discharge of industrial effluents to the Mississippi River.
A review of the present and future policy regarding the discharge of industrial effluents and hazardous compounds. Industrial and environmental requirements.
Study requested by Makhteshim Chemical Works Ltd.

Conceptual and Process Design for the Sewage Treatment Plant and Reuse Project of the city of Arequipa - Peru.
Project with a horizon of 1.5 million inhabitants, effluents are treated for unrestricted irrigation. The feasibility study included several treatment alternatives and potential sites. Two main alternatives were pre-selected and designed with detail: one based on anaerobic ponds + trickling filters and another one based on UASB reactors + trickling filters. A model on the autodepuration in 25 km of river Chili was developed. A monitoring program was designed.
Study requested by Tahal Consulting Engineers Ltd., for Minera Cerro Verde.

Master Plan, conceptual and process design for the treatment, storage and reuse of wastewater for the city of Mohammedia, Morocco.
Mohammedia is a city of a quarter million inhabitants with extensive industrial zones reaching and equivalent of 1/2 million inhabitants, plus agricultural areas and beach tourism. Feasibility study, sewage flow forecasting, disposal impacts including sea discharge and irrigation of golf park, design of treatment alternatives, the autodepuration of the river Melah was simulated.
Joint project with Tahal Consulting Engineers LTD - Israel.

Conceptual and process design for sewage treatment and disposal for the city of Mérida, Venezuela.
Mérida has more than 1/4 million inhabitants and is located in a temperate hill area with almost no space available for construction of sewage treatment plants, thus these must be compact. Centralized versus descentralized treatment alternatives. The impact of the treated wastewater on an urban river was a critical limiting factor.
Joint project with Tahal Consulting Engineers LTD - Israel.

Conceptual and process design for sewage treatment and disposal for the city of Barinas, Venezuela.
Barinas has more than 1/4 million inhabitants and is located in a warm plain area with a lot of space available for the construction of the selected extensive sewage treatment plant. The impact of the treated wastewater on the river was studied.
Joint project with Tahal Consulting Engineers LTD - Israel.

Alternatives for sewage treatment and disposal of the city of Salto - Uruguay.
Salto is a city of about 100,000 inhabitants located on the Uruguay River. Two main alternatives were considered: CEPT plus sludge digestors and UASB reactors, both followed by disinfection and discharge of the treated effluents to the Uruguay River via outfall.
Consulting requested by Tahal Consulting Engineers LTD. - Israel

Analyses of long-term water quality data for the "Citizens for the Environment in the Galilee" Association.
The project was conducted within the framework of the "MIMSHAK" -Scientific Research in Cooperation with the Community. The goal of the project is to provide the Association with tools to evaluate long-term trends in the quality of water in their region and to correlate these trends with anthropogenic activities.
Joint Project with the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology.
Requested by Zippory Centre for Community Education. Funded by the Zippory Centre, Doron Fund for Education and Welfare, and the Ministry of Environment - Israel.




Wastewater storage reservoirs


The Kishon Complex for sewage treatment, storage and reuse, Israel.
The Kishon Complex was the first inter-regional sewage treatment and massive reuse project in Israel and a long-term monitoring and research multi-disciplinary program was run on it. The program covered the sewage treatment plant (trickling filters and activated sludge), a 30 km line, wastewater storage reservoirs, irrigation systems, agriculture soils, crops, drainage systems and numerous other issues. We worked more than 10 years in the program through the Department of Environmental Eng - Technion Israel Institute of Technology.
Commissioned by the Israel Water Commission.

Tracer studies in the Kishon wastewater reservoirs, Israel.
Rhodamine "b" was used as a tracer to study the hydraulic behavior of two reservoirs in series of 6 million m3 each, establishing the relationship between operational parameters and removal of contaminants.
We participated in the study within the framework of the Kishon Complex Monitoring Program.

Enclosure studies in the Kishon wastewater reservoirs, Israel.
Enclosures (mesocosmos) were utilized in 6 million m3 reservoirs to study the use of fish to control plankton and water quality.
Study within the framework of the Kishon Complex Monitoring Program.

Mathematical model of Stabilization Reservoirs.
The model simulates the behavior of hypertrophic reservoirs receiving partially treated wastewater and operated under different conditions, and allows the forecasting of water quality and the effect of operational parameters.
Research and Doctoral Thesis (Dr. Eran Friedler) within the framework of the Kishon Complex Monitoring Program.

Statistical model on the limnology and performance of wastewater storage reservoirs.
Research on the performance of the hypertrophic reservoirs receiving effluents of different qualities, database development, multivariate analysis of effluent quality as a function of operational parameters and natural cycles.
Project sponsored by The Edelstein Foundation.

Design of the monitoring program of the "Third Line" Complex for sewage treatment and reuse, Israel.
The "Third Line" Complex (Greater Tel Aviv) is the largest reuse project in Israel. The multi-year monitoring project included effluents from the activated sludge treatment plant, SAT-Soil Aquifer Treatment, recovery wells, the line itself (more than 100 km) and several reservoirs. Project performed by the Department of Environmental Eng - Technion Israel Institute of Technology.
Commissioned by Mekorot Water Company.

Monitoring and research of The Jeezrael Valley Cities Project for Sewage Treatment, Storage and Reuse, Israel.
The monitored system comprised of 2 industrial zones (totaling some 70 factories), 4 wastewater treatment plants, numerous wastewater storage reservoirs. The research focused on in-soil accumulation of Potential Hazardous Compounds as a result of long-term irrigation with treated effluent.
Joint project with Palgei Maim Consulting Engineers Ltd., Israel.

Conceptual and process design of The Jeezrael Valley Cities Project, Israel.
This sewage treatment and storage system for wastewater reuse is based on the optimal design and operation of numerous (more than 30) wastewater storage reservoirs (see map). It is the third largest sewage treatment and reuse system in Israel.
Project requested by Palgei Maim Consulting Engineers LTD - Israel.

Batch operation of a wastewater storage reservoir to obtain effluents of unrestricted irrigation quality, Israel.
Project requested by Kibbutz Sarid, Israel.

Start-up of the Santiago Poniente sewage treatment plant, Chile.
Sewage treatment storage and reuse, pilot and research plant for 100,000 inhabitants, based on non-conventional technologies. Treatment series made of anaerobic ponds, aerated lagoons, facultative ponds and wastewater storage reservoirs. Design of the monitoring program and database.
Work performed for Tahal Consulting Engineers Ltd., World Bank project.

Process design and general and detailed design of a regional plant for the treatment, storage and reuse of wastewater for agriculture in Gedera, Israel.
This regional wastewater treatment plant based on semi-intensive technologies serves 5 localities with a total projected population of 50,000 inhabitants. Batch operation of four wastewater storage reservoirs.
Project commissioned by the Gedera Local Council under the auspices of The Israeli National Water and Sewage Administration.

Process design and general and detailed design of a wastewater treatment, storage and reuse plant for the city of Ben-Slimane, Morocco.
The sewage treatment plant of Ben-Slimane serves 30,000 inhabitants. The treated effluents are used for the irrigation of a Golf Course. Batch operation of wastewater storage reservoirs. Part of the effluents are discharged to a river in winter. The project includes criteria for the design of artificial landscape ponds receiving effluents in the golf course.
Joint project with Tahal Consulting Engineers LTD - Israel.

Feasibility study on an integrated system for sewage treatment, storage in reservoirs, reuse and agricultural development for the city of Oujda, Morocco.
Oujda is a city of 1/2 million inhabitants having a large industrial area, and located in an arid area.
Joint project with Tahal Consulting Engineers LTD - Israel.

Appropriate technology for wastewater treatment and reuse in rural Middle East areas, Middle East.
R&D project oriented to the development of new low-cost technologies for the treatment and reuse of sewage in semi-arid rural areas of the Middle East. Our firm acted as a consultant on raw sewage flows and qualities, and on the design of UASB, intermitent sand filters, constructed wetlands, reservoirs and costs.
Project sponsored by USAID, with the participation of several institutes from Israel, The Palestinian Authority and Egypt.

Process design for tertiary treatment of the effluents of Ra'anana - Israel.
Ra'anana City (~100,000 inhabitants) has a treatment plant based on SBR-Activated Sludge.
Storage of effluents in reservoirs and tertiary treatment including phosphorus removal as required for release in Poleg stream or unrestricted irrigation. Development of a monitoring program for the treated effluents.
Project requested by Raanana Municipality.

Removal of heavy metals during the storage of effluents in treatment and reuse reservoirs.
Research performed in two wastewater storage reservoirs in series of 6 million m3 each.
Research within the framework of the Kishon Complex Monitoring Program - Israel.

Criteria for the process design and operation of wastewater storage reservoirs for effluent reuse.
Research performed in several reservoirs working under different operational conditions.
Development of a multiple-source database and statistical modelling of the parameters determining treated effluent quality.
Research funded by BMTF-Germany and NCRD-Israel.

Pathogens die-off in wastewater reservoirs as a function of operational parameters.
Development of a statistical model on the removal of Faecal coliforms and bacteriophage virus in storage reservoirs for reuse.
Research funded by the National Water Commission - Israel.

Process design of a 4.5 million m3, 16 m deep reservoir receiving tertiary treated effluents for reuse - Israel.
The reservoir will receive the effluents from Beer-Sheva city after treatment in activated sludge followed by filtration-chlorination. The reclaimed water will be afterwards used for unrestricted irrigation. Stratification control is one of the technics recommended to maintain the quality of the reclaimed water within the reservoir.
Project requested by Tahal Consulting Engineers Ltd. - Israel

Diagnosis of malfunction and upgrade (process design) of the sewage treatment plant of the city of Arad - Israel (up to 7500 m3/day) in order to obtain effluents for unrestricted irrigation.
Design of alternatives based on intensive and semi-intensive technologies followed by existing storage reservoirs.
Project requested by Tahal Consulting Engineers Ltd. - Israel

Design of a real-scale experiment for nutrient removal by coagulation and sedimentation in a wastewater storage reservoir for reuse, Arad - Israel.
Project requested by Tahal Consulting Engineers Ltd. - Israel

Optimal location of the inlet in the Hemek Hepher wastewater storage and reuse reservoir - Israel.
The 15 m deep reservoir had problems of hydraulic short-circuiting between inlet and outlet. Design of the optimal location of inlet in order to avoid "dead areas" and improve the treatment capacity of the reservoir.
Project requested by Mekorot Water Co. - Israel

Survey on sediment and wastewater pollutants in five wastewater storage reservoirs - Israel.
Survey on the toxicity and concentration of organic pollutants and heavy metals in the sediments (bottom sludge at two depth) and effluents in five wastewater storage reservoirs selected to receive the effluents from INTEL factory at Kyriat Gat.
Project requested by Intel - Israel

Conceptual engineering for the storage, treatment and reuse of cow farming effluents in Kfar Yhoshua - Israel.
Kfar Yhoshua has more than 50 cow & dairy farms. The design includes treatment, storage in reservoirs and reuse of the effluents.
Project requested by Kfar Yhoshua and A.A. Engineers Ltd.

Evaporation ponds for the effluents of the Makhteshim insecticide factory - Israel.
Process design of evaporation ponds and multi-year simulation modelling.
Project requested by Makhteshim - Chemical Works Ltd.




Oceanography: sea and marine coastal areas


ECOMA - Coastal Ecology of the Maldonado Bay, Uruguay.
Maldonado Bay harbors the main touristic resort of Uruguay (Punta del Este).
Dr. Juanicó was the coordinator of a multidisciplinary one-year study on the ecology and pollution sources of the bay, point sources (effluents) and non-point sources (contaminated runoff).
Project performed within the framework of the Department of Oceanography, University of Uruguay.

Alternatives for sewage treatment and disposal of the city of Punta del Este - Uruguay.
Punta del Este is an important summer tourism resort with a peak population of 400,000 inhabitants. Recommended alternative was CEPT followed by sea disposal via marine outfall. Impact on the coastal area (bathing beaches) was a main design consideration and three different disposal sea areas were weighted.
Consulting requested by Tahal Consulting Engineers LTD. - Israel

General design for sewage treatment and disposal in 9 large-scale tourist resort centers and related towns in República Dominicana.
Each one of the nine centers contains numerous large-scale hotels for massive European tourism. Sewage treatment and disposal should maintain optimal environmental conditions in tropical beaches that are the main tourist attraction of the resorts. The project included the development of quality criteria (standards) and design of sewage treatment and disposal plants for the discharge of treated effluents to coral beach sea waters (marine outfalls), coastal marshes and mangroves, effluent storage and reuse in irrigation of golf courses and public gardens, and injection in groundwater.
World Bank project.

Process design for Waste Minimization and Effluent Treatment - Milouban Factory, Israel.
Milouban Factory processes cotton linters (about 14,000 T/year). The product is used by the textil, special papers and chemical industries. The effluents (more than 1600 m3/day) are similar to those of the textil and paper pulp industries, with a non-biodegradable COD fraction. Main treatment system made of CEPT-DAF, aerated lagoon, DAF-2, precipitation of struvite. The factory requested and obtained a permit for the discharge of the treated effluents to sea (marine outfall). Monitoring program.
Work requested by Milouban (M.C.P.) Ltd.

TOR for the conceptual design of effluent treatment an disposal of the petrochemical industry in Haifa Bay
The core petrochemical industry in Haifa Bay comprises of 5 oil processing factories including refineries. Effluent flow is about 20,000 m3/day. The TOR specifies the basis for the conceptual design of the treatment and disposal of these effluents, with special attention to maintaining a clean river and marine environment.
Project requested by 5 petrochemical factories through Haifa Chemicals Ltd.

Permit for the discharge of effluents to sea - Agan Chemicals Producers Ltd.- Israel.
Agan produces mainly herbicides and discharges the effluents to the sea after a sophisticated treatment.
Simulation of different scenarios.
BAT and environmental standards for the discharge.
Project requested by Agan factory.

Disposal of brackish effluents treated in a MBR - Unilever - Israel.
The Unilever factory in Haifa Bay-Israel treats its brackish effluents in a MBR and discharge them to the sea.
Alternatives for the final disposal of these effluents including RO and ZLD, optimization of MBR operation, P removal, sludge treatment and disposal.
Work requested by Unilever-Israel.

Development of Water Quality Objectives for the discharge of industrial effluents to the Mediterranean Sea - Israel.
Discharge of industrial effluents to the coastal area. Basis for the Marine Water Quality Objectives approved in Israel in June 2002.
Study performed in partnership with Prof. Michal Green from Technion, requested by the Israel Ministry of the Environment.

Pollution of the Mediterranean sea from land based sources
Consultation to the WHO (World Health Organisation) within the framework of MAP (Mediterranean Action Plan) project.

National Priorities on Environment - Sea and coastal areas - Israel.
Members of the committee that recommends the national priorities regarding protection of the marine environment.
Project sponsored by the Ministry of the Environment and NGOs.

Organic pollutants in industrial effluents - Numerical limits.
Basis for a change in the Israel standards regarding the release of industrial effluents into municipal sewers networks.
Three differents standards were developed: Study requested by the Ministry of the Environment and The Manufacturers Association of Israel.

Quality requirements for the discharge of industrial effluents to the North Sea and the Rhine.
A review of the European Union present and future policy regarding industrial effluents and hazardous compounds. Industrial and environmental requirements.
Study requested by The Manufacturers Association of Israel.

Conceptual and process design for sewage treatment and disposal for the city of Machala, Ecuador.
Machala has more than 1/4 million inhabitants and is located in a warm coastal area. Due to historical and development reasons, the sewage of the city is concentrated in three different places and thus three treatment plants were required. Available space for the treatment plants is in swamp areas, which impose several restrictions to construction. The treated effluents will be discharged to the coastal area through the drainage channels of the swamps.
Joint project with Tahal Consulting Engineers LTD - Israel.

Marine outfall "ALA" - Expert Opinion on Environmental Impact-Israel.
The marine outfall "ALA" discharges brines and treated effluents from around Acco to the Mediterranean Sea.
Expert opinion requested by the Towns Association for the Environment - Western Galilee.


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