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Salination



Salination (salinisation, salinization) is the name given to the build up of salts in soil and groundwater.
Salination affects the crops, reduces the quality of soil and limits the potential uses of groundwater.

Salts from a given area are washed-out to sea by run-off and water streams, or by groundwater escaping to sea. The utilization of all water resources (i.e., stopping any release of drainage water or groundwater to the sea) leads to the development of salination problems.

Salts are added to water during domestic or industrial use in the urban sector. As a consequence, sewage has more salts than supplied water. Thus, wastewater reuse may accelerate the salination process if no proper measurements are taken to avoid it.

Numerous approaches are simultaneously applied to avoid salination and its negative effects:




Some of our contributions to the study of salination



Projects

Mapping the salty springs in the Kfar Baruch reservoir to improve water quality, Israel.
Location and mapping underwater salty springs, field surveys for EC and Cl- measurements at bottom.
Study within the framework of the Kishon Complex Monitoring Program.

Water allocation, pollution control and water quality policy for 14 selected rivers in Israel.
Definition of river typology, present conditions and requirements for recovery. Determination of the required water allocations and policy for water quality control at the catchment basin framework level.
Project commissioned by the Israel Rivers Restoration Administration.

Master Plan for the integrative rehabilitation and development of the catchment basin of the Taninim river.
Our company was responsible for the water section of the project and the overall view of the river's catchment basin (watershed). This section included water flows and qualities, sewage treatment and disposal criteria, pollution control, salination problems, water allocations, alternative water sources management, etc.
Project commissioned by the Towns Association for Environmental Quality - Hadera, Israel.

Boron in Israel - Sources, disposal and its effect on agriculture.
Basis for changing the Israel standards in the production and use of detergents.
Survey requested by Procter & Gamble, Switzerland.

Soil contamination - interim quality objectives for site remediation - Israel.
1 - Development of interim quality objectives to set the policy for contaminated soil site remediation in Israel.
2 - Development of a protocol to survey contaminated sites.
Study requested by the Industrial Effluent Division - Ministry of the Environment - Israel

Changes in the structure of the local bylaw for industrial effluents.
A technical and legal study to update the present law.
Project requested by The Ministry of the Environment - Israel.


Publications

Weber B. and Juanico M. (1990) - Variability of Effluent Quality in a Multi-step Complex for Wastewater Treatment and Storage.
Wat. Res, 24(6):765-771.

Weber B., Juanico M. and Avnimelech Y. (1996) - Salt enrichment of municipal sewage: new approaches to prevent it in Israel.
Environ. Managem., 20(4):487-495.

Weber B., and Juanico M. (2004) - Salt Reduction in Municipal Sewage Allocated for Reuse: The Outcome of a New Policy in Israel..
Wat. Sci. Tech. 50(2):17-22.

Juanico M. (2003) - Recommendations for the design of wastewater reservoirs. 2 - Maximum depth, salination and organic loading.
Water and Irrigation 442:34-35 (in Hebrew)

Azov Y. and Juanicó M. (1991) - Changes in the Chemical Structure of the Effluents of the Kishon Complex (salts). In: The Kishon Reuse Complex Monitoring Program, Technion, Haifa, Annual Report 7:71-82 (in Hebrew).



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